# Acoustics in one dimension¶

The linearized acoustic equations can be derived from Navier-Stokes equations (which we solve in the example The compressible Navier-Stokes equations).

Considering an ideal gas with negligible viscosity Navier-Stokes equations are reduced to the compressible Euler equations:

$\begin{eqnarray} &&\frac{D p}{Dt} +\gamma p \nabla \cdot \vec{v} = 0,\\ &&\frac{D \vec{v}}{Dt} + \frac{1}{\rho} \nabla p = 0, \\ &&\frac{D \rho}{Dt} + \rho \nabla \cdot \vec{v} = 0. \end{eqnarray}$

Here we consider the one dimensional case and small perturbations around a known flow state $$(1/\gamma, a(x), \rho_0(x))$$. That is we replace

$$$p \rightarrow 1/\gamma + p(x,t), \ \ v \rightarrow a(x) + v(x,t), \ \ \rho \rightarrow \rho_0(x) + \rho(x,t),$$$

and neglect small quadratic terms. The resulting linearized equations are

$\begin{eqnarray} p_t + a(x) p_x + v_x &=& - a'(x), \\ v_t + a(x) v_x + \frac{p_x}{\rho_0(x)} &=& - a(x) a'(x), \\ \rho_t + a(x) \rho_x + \rho_0(x) v_x &=& - \rho_0'(x) a(x) - a'(x) \rho_0(x). \end{eqnarray}$

This module considers three different cases

1. Zero mean flow, $$a(x) = 0$$ and constant mean density, $$\rho_0(x) = 1$$.
2. Constant mean flow, $$a(x) = a$$ and constant density, $$\rho_0(x) = 1$$.
3. Variable mean flow with variable density.

## Case 1, zero mean flow and constant mean density¶

For this case the equations for the pressure and velocity are reduced to

$\begin{eqnarray} p_t &=& - v_x, \\ v_t &=& - p_x. \end{eqnarray}$

The evolution of the above system using wall boundary conditions $$v = 0$$ on both sides (which by using the PDE also means $$p_x = 0$$) and with the exact solution

$\begin{eqnarray} &&p(x,t) = \cos(k \pi t) \cos(k \pi x), \\ &&v(x,t) = \sin(k \pi t) \sin(k \pi x), \end{eqnarray}$

is implemented in the file /chides/acoustic/1D/acoustics1d_wall.f90

2. Add description of enforcing BC.

## Case 2, Constant mean flow, $$a(x) = a$$ and constant density $$\rho_0(x) = 1$$¶

For this case the equations for the pressure and velocity are reduced to

$\begin{eqnarray} p_t + a p_x + v_x &=& 0, \\ v_t + a v_x + p_x &=& 0, \\ \end{eqnarray}$

For this problem we consider periodic boundary conditions, as implemented in /chides/acoustic/1D/acoustics1d_per.f90 and characteristics based non-reflecting boundary conditions as implemented in /chides/acoustic/1D/acoustics1d_cbc.f90.

1. Add description of CBC, equations.
2. Add description of CBC, how the extrapolation is done.

## Case 3, Varying mean flow and density with source terms¶

For this case the equations for the pressure and velocity are reduced to

$\begin{eqnarray} p_t + a(x) p_x + v_x &=& - a'(x) + \tilde{f}_p(x,t), \\ v_t + a(x) v_x + \frac{p_x}{\rho_0(x)} &=& - a(x) a'(x) + \tilde{f}_v(x,t), \\ \end{eqnarray}$

which we reformulate as

$\begin{eqnarray} p_t + a(x) p_x + v_x &=& f_p(x,t), \\ v_t + a(x) v_x + s(x) p_x &=& f_v(x,t), \end{eqnarray}$

For this problem we consider periodic boundary conditions, as implemented in /chides/acoustic/1D/acoustics1d_var.f90.

1. Add description of how cofs(a,s,f_p,f_v,mp,dx,x,t) is used.
2. Explain polynomial multiplication.
3. Explain point_to_Taylor.
4. Explain the RK4 procedure.