Viscous Burgers’ equation in one dimension¶
Consider the non-linear conservation law:
with the viscous Burgers’ equation as a special case with \(f(x) = \frac{u^2}{2}-\nu u_x\). As before we will take derivatives in space and time of the equation and insist that the resulting relations hold for the approximation. Typically the flux function will be non-linear and we must find an polynomial approximation of it using the polynomial manipulation routines that are part of CHIDES. As the non-linearity depends on time it becomes less favorable to use a Taylor series expansion in time and instead we opt to use a one-step method to evolve the solution and its derivatives. Among other things this example illustrate:
- How to use a one-step time-integrators, for example a Runge-Kutta method together with Hermite interpolation.
- How to improve the accuracy and time-step restrictions of the method by taking multiple sub-timesteps per half timestep.
- How to discretize second order derivatives.
- Semi-conservative and non-conservative discretizations of conservation laws.
The source files reside in chides/burgers/1D
To find an approximation to the solution of the above conservation law we assume we have interpolated two degree \(m\) polynomials at two adjacent gridpoints on the primal grid. That is, at a dual gridpoint \(x_{i+\frac{1}{2}}\) is to we start with the degree \(2m+1\) polynomial
Note that we now assume that the coefficients \(c_l(t)\) depend on time so that if we compute one time derivative and \(l\) derivatives in space and evaluate at \(x = x_{i-\frac{1}{2}}\) we get terms of the kind \(c^\prime_l(t)\) that we can be identified to be scaled approximations of \(\frac{\partial^l u_t(0,t)}{\partial x^l}\).
Evaluating the non-linearity¶
As we obtained the time derivatives \(c^\prime_l(t)\) by differentiating the approximation it is natural evolve them according to the system of ODE that is obtained by differentiating the conservation law in space and insisting that the approximation satisfies those equations at \(x = x_{i-\frac{1}{2}}\). At first this may appear as a cumbersome proposition as we must compute multiple derivatives of \(f(u)_x\). However, if we consider the flux to be approximated by a polynomial:
we can immediately see that the system of ODE governing \(c_l(t)\) is:
For the particular example we consider here we have that \(f(u) =
\frac{u^2}{2}-\nu u_x\) which is computed in the routine compute_flux(u,ut,mp,nvar,hx)
SUBROUTINE compute_flux(u,flx,mp,nvar,hx)
!
! compute (f(u)-nu*u_x)
!
implicit none
INTEGER, INTENT(IN) :: mp,nvar
DOUBLE PRECISION, DIMENSION(0:mp,nvar), INTENT(IN) :: u
DOUBLE PRECISION, DIMENSION(0:mp,nvar), INTENT(OUT) :: flx
DOUBLE PRECISION, INTENT(IN) :: hx
INTEGER :: idx
DOUBLE PRECISION, DIMENSION(0:mp) :: q1,p1
!
! Compute the hyperbolic part of the flux
CALL tpolymul(u(:,1),u(:,1),p1,mp)
flx(:,1) = 0.5d0*p1
! Then add the viscous part
DO idx=0,mp-1
q1(idx) = dble(idx+1)*u(idx+1,1)
END DO
q1(mp) = 0.d0
flx(:,1) = flx(:,1) - (nu/hx)*q1
!
END SUBROUTINE compute_flux
In the subroutine we see the use of tpolymul(u(:,1),u(:,1),p1,mp)
which is used to compute the square of the polynomial approximation.
After having found the flux it is straightforward to find
(\(\Delta t\) times) the coefficients \(a_l\) by
differentiating the flux as is done in the subroutine pde(fp,flx,mp,nvar,cflx)
fp = 0.d0
DO idx=0,mp-1
fp(idx,1) = -cflx*DBLE(idx+1)*flx(idx+1,1)
END DO
The output of this subroutine can then be used to evolve the interpolant \(p(x,t)\) over half a timestep.
The driver herm1d_non_cons
¶
An implementation based on the above description can be found in
/chides/burgers/1d/herm1d_non_cons.f90
. As before the basic steps
of the algorithm are:
- Setup the initial data
CALL indat(u,x,hx,nx,m,nvar)
Form the Hermite interpolant.
DO i=1,nx ! Interpolate solution and fluxes to the cell center call Taylor_to_Hermite1d(uhermite,u(:,:,i-1:i),Aintx,m,nvar) ...And evolution of
uhermite
using a Runge-Kutta methodcall Taylor_to_Hermite1d(uhermite,u(:,:,i-1:i),Aintx,m,nvar) do irk_sub = 1,rksub urk = uhermite do irk=1,rkstages ! do a local RK loop urk = uhermite ! if irk > 1 we add on previous data do ii = 1,irk-1 urk = urk + ButA(irk,ii)*k_stages(:,:,ii) end do call compute_flux(urk,flxcofs,2*m+1,nvar,hx) call pde(ut,flxcofs,2*m+1,nvar,cflx) k_stages(:,:,irk) = ut end do ! At the end we add up the stages do ii = 1,rkstages uhermite = uhermite + ButB(ii)*k_stages(:,:,ii) end do end do uh(:,:,i) = uhermite(0:m,1:nvar)This section of code evolves the interpolant using a the Runge-Kutta method defined by the Butcher arrays
ButA
andButB
that have been initialized by thecall set_butcher_tables
. The time stepping performsrksub
local timesteps with the local timestepdts = 0.5d0*dt/DBLE(rksub)
to updateuh
.
Local timestepping and CFL constraints¶
The purpose of this local timestepping is to maximize the computation-to-communication ratio. For linear problems with exact Taylor timestepping we have already seen that we can run the solvers at the full physically allowable CFL number. For non-linear problems with approximate timestepping we can use large timesteps if the local evolution is accurate enough.
For this example we can choose between three different RK solvers in
the module rkmodule.f90
, the classic fourth order Runge-Kutta, the
eight order DORPRI8 and the third order SSP(3,3) by Shu and Osher. To
illustrate the effect of local timestepping we consider the problem
defined by:
INTEGER, PARAMETER :: m = 9 !spatial order 2m+1 INTEGER, PARAMETER :: nx = 100 DOUBLE PRECISION, PARAMETER :: xl = -1d0 DOUBLE PRECISION, PARAMETER :: xr = 1d0 DOUBLE PRECISION, PARAMETER :: ttot = 0.2d0 DOUBLE PRECISION, PARAMETER :: nu = 0.0001d0
for different CFL
and rksub
. With DORPRI8 we can solve the
problem with one single local timestep at a CFL=0.65
, if we use
RK4 we must take CFL=0.30
and if we use SSP(3,3) we must take CFL=0.20
.
However if we perform 6 local timesteps for SSP(3,3) or 4 local
timesteps with RK4 or 2 local timesteps with DORPRI8 we can use
CFL=0.80
.
As this problem also has a viscous term we have choose the timestep according to
dt = min(CFL*hx/maxval(abs(u(0,1,:))),CFL_V*hx**2/(nu*m))
where CFL_V
typically be chosen as 0.1.
The driver herm1d_semi_cons
¶
The driver herm1d_semi_cons.f90
illustrates an alternative
approach to discretize conservation laws. The alterative
discretization is motivated by the control volume statement of the
conservation law obtained by integrating over a space-time cell
which can be simplified into:
Now for a problem posed on a periodic domain (or with zero flux boundary conditions) we have that the global mass is conserved
For a numerical method to be able to have a similar conservation
property we must require that the flux from the left and right of an
interface coincide. Unless the flux is a linear function this is not
true in general for the above formulation. In the alternative
formulation in herm1d_semi_cons.f90
we compute the fluxes at the
faces of each cell and interpolate them to the cell center. This will
guarantee that the fluxes are continuous at interfaces. The
interpolated fluxes are then differentiated to compute the first slope
in the Runge-Kutta method.
DO i=0,nx
call compute_flux(u(:,:,i),flx(:,:,i),m,nvar,hx)
END DO
! Add the viscous flux
DO i=1,nx
! Semi-conservative
! Interpolate solution and fluxes to the cell center
call Taylor_to_Hermite1d(uhermite,u(:,:,i-1:i),Aintx,m,nvar)
call Taylor_to_Hermite1d(flxcofs,flx(:,:,i-1:i),Aintx,m,nvar)
do irk_sub = 1,rksub
if(irk_sub.gt.1) then
urk = uhermite
call compute_flux(urk,flxcofs,2*m+1,nvar,hx)
end if
! Get the first slope
call pde(ut,flxcofs,2*m+1,nvar,cflx)
k_stages(:,:,1) = ut
DO irk=2,rkstages ! do a local RK loop
urk = uhermite
! if irk > 1 we add on previous data
do ii = 1,irk-1
urk = urk + ButA(irk,ii)*k_stages(:,:,ii)
end do
call compute_flux(urk,flxcofs,2*m+1,nvar,hx)
call pde(ut,flxcofs,2*m+1,nvar,cflx)
k_stages(:,:,irk) = ut
end do
! At the end we add up the stages
do ii = 1,rkstages
uhermite = uhermite + ButB(ii)*k_stages(:,:,ii)
end do
end do
uh(:,:,i) = uhermite(0:m,1:nvar)
END DO
Although this formulation requires one additional interpolation it is more robust than the non-conservative formulation. For the latter multi dimensional examples with Euler’s equations and compressible Navier-Stokes equations, this is the formulation we will use.